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- <text id=93TT1207>
- <title>
- Mar. 22, 1993: Better Treatment, Longer Lives
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1993
- Mar. 22, 1993 Can Animals Think
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- MEDICINE, Page 50
- Better Treatment, Longer Lives
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> Stories about medical breakthroughs are tough to resist. A
- wonder cure. A life restored at the stroke of a scalpel. That
- kind of article is exciting to writers and captures readers'
- imagination. This, however, is another kind of medical tale--one that is more faithful to the way most advances truly take
- place. It is a story about making many small improvements in
- patients' treatment and care. It is a story of how each new step
- builds on the one before until their combined power starts to
- prolong lives or at least improve the quality of life that
- remains. It is the story, unheralded by headlines, of growing
- progress in the treatment of AIDS.
- </p>
- <p> Drugs such as AZT and ddI offer some temporary firepower
- against the HIV virus. In February, a medical student at
- Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston reported that adding
- a third drug, pyridinone, to the medicinal fusillade obliterates
- the virus, but that test-tube result remains to be duplicated
- in humans. Most of the progress has come from the prevention and
- treatment of the dangerous secondary infections that are the
- hallmark of AIDS.
- </p>
- <p> The first indication that the disease could be tamed if
- not cured came in 1987, when physicians discovered how to
- prevent pneumocystis pneumonia, a secondary infection of the
- lungs that caused one-third of AIDS deaths. At the time,
- pneumocystis was treated with a drug called pentamidine, which
- was given intravenously. Thanks to the efforts of a network of
- doctors organized by the American Foundation for AIDS Research,
- clinicians learned that, when the drug was sprayed into the
- lungs, it dramatically reduced the recurrence of the disease.
- In addition, lab tests can now predict who is at risk for
- developing pneumocystis, and physicians have found that an
- antibiotic marketed under the names Bactrim and Septra is
- effective in preventing the infection.
- </p>
- <p> Clinicians have also achieved some success against a lung
- ailment called Mycobacterium avium complex, which mimics
- tuberculosis. "MAC is difficult to treat," says Dr. Mathilde
- Krim, chairman of AmFAR. "It is considered a bad omen and is
- usually terminal." This past December the Food and Drug
- Administration approved rifabutin for protection against MAC.
- According to clinical trials sponsored by AmFAR, the drug cuts
- the chance of developing MAC 65%.
- </p>
- <p> In the future, nutritionists are likely to play an
- important role on the aids medical team. AIDS, like cancer,
- often causes people to lose their appetite, which worsens their
- medical condition. So eating the right foods could be crucial.
- Some patients may be helped by taking Marinol, a synthetic form
- of the active ingredient in marijuana, which restores appetite.
- </p>
- <p> One of the most feared complications of AIDS is its
- ability to attack the nervous system. Sometimes HIV infects the
- brain, causing memory loss and other problems. This condition
- can be treated in children with AZT because the antiviral drug
- manages to penetrate the cellular barrier that protects the
- brain. In adults who develop dementia, higher doses are required
- and may be only partially effective.
- </p>
- <p> Even when HIV does not affect the nervous system, other
- parasites, like the protozoan that causes toxoplasmosis, can
- create similar problems. Many people are host to this one-celled
- creature with no ill effects. It is only after the immune system
- breaks down that the parasite proves dangerous. An increasingly
- common inflammation of the brain, "toxo" is now being treated
- with pyrimethamine in combination with sulfadiazine or
- injections of clindamycin. Moreover, the condition can be
- prevented by Bactrim.
- </p>
- <p> The progress against cryptococcal meningitis, a fungal
- infection of the brain, has been especially striking. In the
- beginning, treatment consisted of high doses of intravenous
- amphotericin B, which patients quickly dubbed "amphoterrible"
- because of its nauseating side effects. Since then, most of the
- unpleasantness has been eliminated by lowering the dose, giving
- it for shorter periods of time and then following it with
- fluconazole, which can be taken orally. While the treatment
- controls cryptococcus, it does not eliminate the bug completely,
- and patients must take fluconazole for the rest of their life.
- </p>
- <p> Still needed: greater success against cytomegalovirus.
- When it strikes the intestines, it causes painful diarrhea and
- must be treated with two intravenous drugs, ganciclovir and
- foscarnet. Researchers hope they can develop effective oral
- forms of these drugs. Unfortunately, CMV is harder to control
- if it spreads to the eyes, where it can cause blindness.
- </p>
- <p> Though a cure for AIDS is not at hand, treatment has come
- a long way since the early days of the epidemic. Says Dr. Paul
- Volberding of the University of California at San Francisco:
- "There is no doubt that we're keeping people living longer and
- with very reasonable quality of life."
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
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